Formal thinking is a stage of cognitive development that is characterized by the use of logic and reasoning in problem solving. This way of thinking usually occurs in adolescence and becomes essential for academic and professional success. Therefore, formal thinking is not the only form of thinking used by us humans.
Furthermore, the post-formal thinking can be understood as an advanced level of cognition, which goes beyond the limits of formal thinking, therefore, its main characteristic is the greater ability to deal with ambiguity and uncertainty, as well as improving the understanding of the subjective nature of knowledge.
Characteristics of postformal thinking
Postformal thinking is characterized by a number of features, including:
- Ability to deal with ambiguity and uncertainty: Here, post-formal thinking manages to accept that reality is complex and often cannot be reduced to simple rules or formulas, therefore, it is necessary to understand that this flexibility exists.
- Greater understanding of the subjective nature of knowledge: post-formal thinking recognizes that knowledge is constructed from the individual's experience and perspective.
- Ability to think in terms of principles and values: post-formal thinking is able to move beyond questions of fact and consider questions of meaning and purpose.
Examples of postformal thinking
Some forms of post-formal thinking include:
- Critical thinking: critical thinking is the ability to critically evaluate information and arguments.
- Creative thinking: creative thinking is the ability to generate new ideas and solutions.
- Complex thinking: Complex thinking is the ability to deal with complex, interconnected problems.
Importance of post-formal thinking
Post-formal thinking is important for a number of reasons, which include:
- Improves decision making: post-formal thinking allows people to make more informed and reflective decisions.
- Promotes creativity: post-formal thinking encourages creative and innovative thinking.
- Makes problem solving easier: post-formal thinking helps people solve complex and challenging problems.
References
- Gibbs, J. C. (1984). Postformal thinking and the adult development of meaning. In M. Commons, F. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development (pp. 243-274). New York: Praeger.
- King, P. M., & Kitchener, K. S. (1994). Developing reflective judgment: Understanding and promoting intellectual growth and critical thinking in adolescents and adults. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Perry, W. G. (1970). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
- Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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